Angela

=Angela's Subjects= English A, Biology (maybe.. haha)

=English A Criteria A, B or C =

Hiroshima
How the atomic bomb (war) affected people?????

**Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto**
 * Pastor of the Hiroshima Methodist Church
 * Wife, year-old baby
 * Sick with anxiety
 * Slept badly the night before
 * Small man, quick to talk, laugh and cry
 * Black hair parted in the middle and rather long
 * Prominence of the frontal bones just above his eyebrows and the smallness of his of his mustache, mouth, and chin gave him a strange, old-young look, boyish and yet wise, weak and yet fiery
 * Moved nervously and fast
 * Cautious, thoughtful man
 * Awfully tired
 * Sleepless night, weeks of worry and unbalanced diet, the cares of his parish
 * Had American friends & spoke excellent English
 * Immediately after the situation, he has 'lack of control' of himself, but helps an old lady
 * At once got rid of his terror by this solicitous behavior
 * He ran in fear for his wife and baby, his church, his home, his parishioners
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As a Christian he was filled with compassion for those who were trapped
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As a Japanese he was overwhelmed by the shame of being unhurt
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Prayed as he ran, "God help them and take them out of the fire"
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">"Please, God, help me to cross. It would be nonsense for me to be drowned when I am the only uninjured one."
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He was so emotionally worn out after meeting his wife with the baby, nothing could surprise him.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">They parted as casually - as bewildered - as they had met
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He helped people reach water
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He tries to help injured people
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">He tries to help husband of his neighbor

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=Biology Criteria A or B =

<span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">The effects of war on ecosystems (large or small)
(from: [|environmental effects of war] ) (from: [|environmental effects of war] )
 * Soil **
 * Sudan (Darfur & Chad)** – Attempts of remaining farmers to cultivate new land to grow crops despite the drought led to desertification and soil erosion.
 * Afghanistan war** – Pollution from application of explosives entered air, soil and water.
 * Iraq & Kuwait** – Movement of heavy machinery such as tanks through the desert damaged the brittle surface, causing soil erosion.
 * Iraq & the United States** – Military movements and weapon application result in land degradation. The destruction of military and industrial machinery releases heavy metals and other harmful substances.
 * Russia & Chechnya** – Major environmental problems include radioactive waste and radiation, oil leaks into the ground from bombarded plants and refineries, and pollution of soil and surface water.
 * Vietnam war** – The application of 72 million litres of chemical spray resulted in the death of many animals, and caused health effects with humans. One chemical that was applied between 1962 and 1971, called Agent Orange, was particularly harmful. Its main constituent is dioxin, which was present in soil, water and vegetation during and after the war.
 * Kosovo war** – In 1999 when NATO bombed Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, the resulting environmental damage was enormous. Petrochemical plants in suburbs started leaking all kinds of hazardous chemicals into air, water and soil.
 * Air **
 * Afghanistan war** – Pollution from application of explosives entered air, soil and water.
 * Hiroshima & Nagasaki nuclear explosions** – The events of August 6 and August 9 can be translated into environmental effects more literally. The blasts caused air pollution from dust particles and radioactive debris flying around, and from the fires burning everywhere.
 * Iraq & Kuwait** – Fleeing Iraqi troops **ignited Kuwaiti oil sources**, releasing half a ton of air pollutants into the atmosphere.
 * Iraq & the United States** – Oil trenches are burning, as was the case in the Gulf War of 1991, resulting in air pollution. In Northern Iraq, a sulphur plant burned for one month, contributing to air pollution. As fires continue burning, groundwater applied as a drinking water source may be polluted.
 * Israel & Lebanon** – A sludge layer covers Beaches across Lebanon, and the same problem may occur in Syria as the spill continues to spread. Part of the oil spill burned, causing widespread air pollution. Smog affects the health of people living in the city of Beirut. So far problems limiting the clean-up operation of oil spills have occurred, because of ongoing violence in the region.
 * Kosovo war** – Burning of Vinyl Chloride Monomer (VCM) resulted in the formation of dioxin, hydrochloric acid, carbon monoxide and PAHs, and oil burning released sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead and PAHs into the air. **Heavy clouds of black smoke**forming over burning industrial targets caused black rain to fall on the area around Pancevo. In 1999 when NATO bombed Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, the resulting environmental damage was enormous. Petrochemical plants in suburbs started leaking all kinds of hazardous chemicals into air, water and soil. Factories producing ammonia and plastics released chlorine, hydrochloric acid, vinyl chloride and other chlorine substances, resulting in local air pollution and health problems.

(from: [|environmental effects of war] )
 * Water **
 * Afghanistan war** – Pollution from application of explosives entered air, soil and water.
 * Hiroshima & Nagasaki nuclear explosions** – Radioactive sand clogged wells used for drinking water winning, thereby causing a drinking water problem that could not easily be solved. Surface water sources were polluted, particularly by radioactive waste. Agricultural production was damaged; dead stalks of rice could be found up to seven miles from ground zero.
 * Iraq & Kuwait** – Additionally, pollutants seeped from bombed chemical plants into the rivers. Drinking water extracted from the river was polluted, resulting in widespread disease. For example, cases of typhoid fever have increased tenfold since 1991.
 * Iraq & the United States** – Damage to sanitation structures by frequent **bombing**, and damage to sewage treatment systems by power blackouts cause pollution of the River Tigris. Two hundred blue plastic containers containing uranium were stolen from a nuclear power plant located south of Baghdad. The radioactive content of the barrels was dumped in rivers and the barrels were rinsed out. Poor people applied the containers as storage facility for water, oil and tomatoes, or sold them to others. Milk was transported to other regions in the barrels, making it almost impossible to relocate them.
 * Russia & Chechnya** – Major environmental problems include radioactive waste and radiation, oil leaks into the ground from bombarded plants and refineries, and pollution of soil and surface water.
 * Vietnam war** – The application of 72 million litres of chemical spray resulted in the death of many animals, and caused health effects with humans. One chemical that was applied between 1962 and 1971, called Agent Orange, was particularly harmful. Its main constituent is dioxin, which was present in soil, water and vegetation during and after the war.
 * Kosovo war** – In 1999 when NATO bombed Belgrade, the capital of Serbia, the resulting environmental damage was enormous. Petrochemical plants in suburbs started leaking all kinds of hazardous chemicals into air, water and soil. Factories producing ammonia and plastics released chlorine, hydrochloric acid, vinyl chloride and other chlorine substances, resulting in local air pollution and health problems. Water sources were polluted by oil leaking from refineries. The Danube River was polluted by oil more severely, but this time hydrochloric acid and mercury compounds also ended up there. These remained in the water for a considering period of time and consequently ended up in neighbouring countries Rumania and Bulgaria.

<span style="color: black; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9.75pt;"><span style="background-color: #000000; color: #ffffff; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 21px; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">How Agent Orange Worked Agent Orange has been linked to many health problems in Vietnam veterans and Vietnamese civilians. Thousands have died from conditions likely brought on by exposure to Agent Orange. The herbicide, and its component **dioxin**, is considered to be one of the most dangerous substances in the world [source: __[|Glaberson]__]. Overall, the mass spraying of Agent Orange has been called an "ecocide" because of the devastation that it wrought on the Vietnamese environment and on the health of many residents of that country [source:__[|Hitchens]__]. The name Agent Orange comes from the containers that it was stored in, which had an orange stripe. In all, the __[|United States]__ used 15 herbicides in Southeast __[|Asia]__, including Agents Orange, Blue, White, Pink, Purple and Green, all of which were mixtures of various herbicides and defoliants [source: __[|Veterans Administration]__]. Agent Orange was a mix of two herbicides called 2,4,-D and 2,4,5-T. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Agent Orange's development came about in part due to work by Dr. Arthur W. Galston, a botanist who researched compounds that boost plant growt h, known as **growth regulators**. But after the U.S. military began using Agent Orange in Vietnam, Galston observed its effects and worked to publicize the damage that the defoliant caused to plants, animals, ecosystems and human health. He became one o f the foremost campaigners against the use of Agent Orange.

Bibliography: Site

<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: normal; text-align: center;">** A U.S. Air Force plane spraying a delta area 20 miles from Saigon with Agent Orange during the Vietnam War ** <span style="display: inline !important; text-align: center;">Picture from...